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pgsql查询优化之模糊查询实例详解

然后搜个简单的模糊匹配条件如 LIKE "血常规%",可以发现查询计划生成如下,索引并没有被使用上,这是因为传统的btree索引并不支持模糊匹配

查阅文档后发现,pgsql可以在Btree索引上指定操作符:text_pattern_ops、varchar_pattern_ops和bpchar_pattern_ops,它们分别对应字段类型text、varchar和char,官方解释为“它们与默认操作符类的区别是值的比较是严格按照字符进行而不是根据区域相关的排序规则。这使得这些操作符类适合于当一个数据库没有使用标准“C”区域时被使用在涉及模式匹配表达式(LIKE或POSIX正则表达式)的查询中。”, 有些抽象,我们先试试看。创建如下索引并查询刚才的条件 LIKE"血常规%":(参考pgsql的文档https://www.postgresql.org/docs/10/indexes-opclass.html)

发现确实可以走索引扫描 ,执行时间也从213ms优化到125ms,但是,如果搜索LIKE "%血常规%"就又会走全表扫描了! 这里我们引入本篇博客的主角"pg_trgm"和"pg_bigm"。

创建这两个索引前分别需要引入如下两个扩展包 :

这两个索引的区别是:“pg_tigm”为pgsql官方提供的索引,"pg_tigm"为日本开发者提供。下面是详细的对比:(参考pg_bigm的文档http://pgbigm.osdn.jp/pg_bigm_en-1-2.html)

Comparison with pg_trgm

Thepg_trgmcontrib module which provides full text search capability using 3-gram (trigram) model is included in PostgreSQL. The pg_bigm was developed based on the pg_trgm. They have the following differences:

Functionalities and Features pg_trgm pg_bigm Phrase matching method for full text search 3-gram 2-gram Available index GIN and GiST GIN only Available text search operators LIKE (~~), ILIKE (~~*), ~, ~* LIKE only Full text search for non-alphabetic language (e.g., Japanese) Not supported (*1) Supported Full text search with 1-2 characters keyword Slow (*2) Fast Similarity search Supported Supported (version 1.1 or later) Maximum indexed column size 238,609,291 Bytes (~228MB) 107,374,180 Bytes (~102MB)

(*1) You can use full text search for non-alphabetic language by commenting out KEEPONLYALNUM macro variable in contrib/pg_trgm/pg_trgm.h and rebuilding pg_trgm module. But pg_bigm provides faster non-alphabetic search than such a modified pg_trgm.

(*2) Because, in this search, only sequential scan or index full scan (not normal index scan) can run.

pg_bigm 1.1 or later can coexist with pg_trgm in the same database, but pg_bigm 1.0 cannot.

如无特殊要求推荐使用"pg_bigm",我们测试一下效果:

可以使用位图索引扫描,对于本次案例,使用pg_trgm效果同pg_bigm。

以上

本文只是简单的介绍许多细节并未做深入的分析,欢迎留言指教或者讨论

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