演示环境
$ uname -a Darwin 18.6.0 Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Thu Apr 25 23:16:27 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.261.4~2/RELEASE_X86_64 x86_64 $ go version go version go1.12.4 darwin/amd64
四类指标介绍
Prometheus定义了4种不同的指标类型:Counter(计数器),Gauge(仪表盘),Histogram(直方图),Summary(摘要)。
其中Exporter返回的样本数据中会包含数据类型的说明,例如:
# TYPE node_network_carrier_changes_total counter node_network_carrier_changes_total{device="br-01520cb4f523"} 1
这四类指标的特征为:
Counter:只增不减(除非系统发生重启,或者用户进程有异常)的计数器。常见的监控指标如http_requests_total, node_cpu都是Counter类型的监控指标。一般推荐在定义为Counter的指标末尾加上_total作为后缀。
Gauge:可增可减的仪表盘。Gauge类型的指标侧重于反应系统当前的状态。因此此类指标的数据可增可减。常见的例如node_memory_MemAvailable_bytes(可用内存)。
HIstogram:分析数据分布的直方图。显示数据的区间分布。例如统计请求耗时在0-10ms的请求数量和10ms-20ms的请求数量分布。
Summary: 分析数据分布的摘要。显示数据的中位数,9分数等。
实战
接下来我将用Prometheus提供的Golang SDK 编写包含上述四类指标的Exporter,示例的编写修改自SDK的example。由于example中示例比较复杂,我会精简一下,尽量让大家用最小的学习成本能够领悟到Exporter开发的精髓。第一个例子会演示Counter和Gauge的用法,第二个例子演示Histogram和Summary的用法。
Counter和Gauge用法演示:
package main import ( "flag" " log " " net /http" "github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promhttp" ) var addr = flag.String("listen-address", ":8080", "The address to listen on for HTTP requests.") func main() { flag.Parse() http.Handle("/metrics", promhttp.Handler()) log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(*addr, nil )) }
上述代码就是一个通过0.0.0.0:8080/metrics 暴露golang信息的原始Exporter,没有包含任何的用户自定义指标信息。接下来往里面添加Counter和Gauge类型指标:
1 func recordMetrics() { 2 go func() { 3 for { 4 opsProcessed.Inc() 5 myGague.Add(11) 6 time.Sleep(2 * time.Second) 7 } 8 }() 9 } 10 11 var ( 12 opsProcessed = promauto.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{ 13 Name: "myapp_processed_ops_total", 14 Help: "The total number of processed events", 15 }) 16 myGague = promauto.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{ 17 Name: "my_example_gauge_data", 18 Help: "my example gauge data", 19 ConstLabels:map[string]string{"error":""}, 20 }) 21 )
在上面的main函数中添加recordMetrics方法调用。curl 127.0.0.1:8080/metrics 能看到自定义的Counter类型指标myapp_processed_ops_total 和 Gauge 类型指标my_example_gauge_data。
# HELP my_example_gauge_data my example gauge data # TYPE my_example_gauge_data gauge my_example_gauge_data{error=""} 44 # HELP myapp_processed_ops_total The total number of processed events # TYPE myapp_processed_ops_total counter myapp_processed_ops_total 4
其中#HELP 是代码中的Help字段信息,#TYPE 说明字段的类型,例如my_example_gauge_data是gauge类型指标。my_example_gauge_data是指标名称,大括号括起来的error是该指标的维度,44是该指标的值。需要特别注意的是第12行和16行用的是promauto包的NewXXX方法,例如:
func NewCounter(opts prometheus.CounterOpts) prometheus.Counter { c := prometheus.NewCounter(opts) prometheus.MustRegister(c) return c }
可以看到该函数是会自动调用MustRegister方法,如果用的是prometheus包的NewCounter则需要再自行调用MustRegister注册收集的指标。其中Couter类型指标有以下的内置接口:
type Counter interface { Metric Collector // Inc increments the counter by 1. Use Add to increment it by arbitrary // non-negative values. Inc() // Add adds the given value to the counter. It panics if the value is < // 0. Add(float64) }
可以通过Inc()接口给指标直接进行+1操作,也可以通过Add(float64)给指标加上某个值。还有继承自Metric和Collector的一些描述接口,这里不做展开。
Gauge类型的内置接口有:
type Gauge interface { Metric Collector // Set sets the Gauge to an arbitrary value. Set(float64) // Inc increments the Gauge by 1. Use Add to increment it by arbitrary // values. Inc() // Dec decrements the Gauge by 1. Use Sub to decrement it by arbitrary // values. Dec() // Add adds the given value to the Gauge. (The value can be negative, // resulting in a decrease of the Gauge.) Add(float64) // Sub subtracts the given value from the Gauge. (The value can be // negative, resulting in an increase of the Gauge.) Sub(float64) // SetToCurrentTime sets the Gauge to the current Unix time in seconds. SetToCurrentTime() }
需要注意的是Gauge提供了Sub(float64)的减操作接口,因为Gauge是可增可减的指标。Counter因为是只增不减的指标,所以只有加的接口。
Histogram和Summary用法演示:
1 package main 2 3 import ( 4 "flag" 5 "fmt" 6 "log" 7 "math" 8 "math/rand" 9 "net/http" 10 "time" 11 12 "github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus" 13 "github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promhttp" 14 ) 15 16 var ( 17 addr = flag.String("listen-address", ":8080", "The address to listen on for HTTP requests.") 18 uniformDomain = flag.Float64("uniform.domain", 0.0002, "The domain for the uniform distribution.") 19 normDomain = flag.Float64("normal.domain", 0.0002, "The domain for the normal distribution.") 20 normMean = flag.Float64("normal.mean", 0.00001, "The mean for the normal distribution.") 21 oscillationPeriod = flag.Duration("oscillation-period", 10*time.Minute, "The duration of the rate oscillation period.") 22 ) 23 24 var ( 25 rpcDurations = prometheus.NewSummaryVec( 26 prometheus.SummaryOpts{ 27 Name: "rpc_durations_seconds", 28 Help: "RPC latency distributions.", 29 Objectives: map[float64]float64{0.5: 0.05, 0.9: 0.01, 0.99: 0.001}, 30 }, 31 []string{"service","error_code"}, 32 ) 33 rpcDurationsHistogram = prometheus.NewHistogram(prometheus.HistogramOpts{ 34 Name: "rpc_durations_histogram_seconds", 35 Help: "RPC latency distributions.", 36 Buckets: prometheus.LinearBuckets(0, 5, 20), 37 }) 38 ) 39 40 func init() { 41 // Register the summary and the histogram with Prometheus's default registry. 42 prometheus.MustRegister(rpcDurations) 43 prometheus.MustRegister(rpcDurationsHistogram) 44 // Add Go module build info. 45 prometheus.MustRegister(prometheus.NewBuildInfoCollector()) 46 } 47 48 func main() { 49 flag.Parse() 50 51 start := time.Now() 52 53 oscillationFactor := func() float64 { 54 return 2 + math.Sin(math.Sin(2*math.Pi*float64(time.Since(start))/float64(*oscillationPeriod))) 55 } 56 57 go func() { 58 i := 1 59 for { 60 time.Sleep(time.Duration(75*oscillationFactor()) * time.Millisecond) 61 if (i*3) > 100 { 62 break 63 } 64 rpcDurations.WithLabelValues("normal","400").Observe(float64((i*3)%100)) 65 rpcDurationsHistogram.Observe(float64((i*3)%100)) 66 fmt.Println(float64((i*3)%100), " i=", i) 67 i++ 68 } 69 }() 70 71 go func() { 72 for { 73 v := rand.ExpFloat64() / 1e6 74 rpcDurations.WithLabelValues("exponential", "303").Observe(v) 75 time.Sleep(time.Duration(50*oscillationFactor()) * time.Millisecond) 76 } 77 }() 78 79 // Expose the registered metrics via HTTP. 80 http.Handle("/metrics", promhttp.Handler()) 81 log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(*addr, nil)) 82 }
第25-32行定义了一个Summary类型指标,其中有service和errro_code两个维度。第33-37行定义了一个Histogram类型指标,从0开始,5为宽度,有20个直方。也就是0-5,6-10,11-15 …. 等20个范围统计。
其中直方图HIstogram指标的相关结果为:
1 # HELP rpc_durations_histogram_seconds RPC latency distributions. 2 # TYPE rpc_durations_histogram_seconds histogram 3 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="0"} 0 4 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="5"} 1 5 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="10"} 3 6 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="15"} 5 7 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="20"} 6 8 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="25"} 8 9 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="30"} 10 10 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="35"} 11 11 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="40"} 13 12 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="45"} 15 13 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="50"} 16 14 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="55"} 18 15 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="60"} 20 16 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="65"} 21 17 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="70"} 23 18 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="75"} 25 19 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="80"} 26 20 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="85"} 28 21 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="90"} 30 22 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="95"} 31 23 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="+Inf"} 33 24 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_sum 1683 25 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_count 33
xxx_count反应当前指标的记录总数,xxx_sum表示当前指标的总数。不同的le表示不同的区间,后面的数字是从开始到这个区间的总数。例如le=”30″后面的10表示有10个样本落在0-30区间,那么26-30这个区间一共有多少个样本呢,只需要用len=”30″ – len=”25″,即2个。也就是27和30这两个点。
Summary相关的结果如下:
1 # HELP rpc_durations_seconds RPC latency distributions. 2 # TYPE rpc_durations_seconds summary 3 rpc_durations_seconds{error_code="303",service="exponential",quantile="0.5"} 7.176288428497417e-07 4 rpc_durations_seconds{error_code="303",service="exponential",quantile="0.9"} 2.6582266087185467e-06 5 rpc_durations_seconds{error_code="303",service="exponential",quantile="0.99"} 4.013935374172691e-06 6 rpc_durations_seconds_sum{error_code="303",service="exponential"} 0.00015065426336339398 7 rpc_durations_seconds_count{error_code="303",service="exponential"} 146 8 rpc_durations_seconds{error_code="400",service="normal",quantile="0.5"} 51 9 rpc_durations_seconds{error_code="400",service="normal",quantile="0.9"} 90 10 rpc_durations_seconds{error_code="400",service="normal",quantile="0.99"} 99 11 rpc_durations_seconds_sum{error_code="400",service="normal"} 1683 12 rpc_durations_seconds_count{error_code="400",service="normal"} 33
其中sum和count指标的含义和上面Histogram一致。拿第8-10行指标来说明,第8行的quantile 0.5 表示这里指标的中位数是51,9分数是90。
自定义类型
如果上面Counter,Gauge,Histogram,Summary四种内置指标都不能满足我们要求时,我们还可以自定义类型。只要实现了Collect接口的方法,然后调用MustRegister即可:
func MustRegister(cs ...Collector) { DefaultRegisterer.MustRegister(cs...) } type Collector interface { Describe(chan<- *Desc) Collect(chan<- Metric) }
总结
文章通过Prometheus内置的Counter(计数器),Gauge(仪表盘),Histogram(直方图),Summary(摘要)演示了Exporter的开发,最后提供了自定义类型的实现方法。